extern & FFI#

V3's foreign-function interface is one line long, and that is the whole of it.

The declaration form#

Illustrative snippet; not independently verified. Use the badged executable examples for tested programs.

extern task name(param: type, param: type) -> returntype

One line, no body, no block, no attributes. Parameter and return types use the usual type grammar, but only a small set makes sense at a C boundary: int, num, bool, void. See type mapping below before reaching for word — and never for List<T> or ByteBuffer, which have no C representation.

-- V3's `extern` is a single flat declaration -- no `extern [C] { ... }`
-- block, no calling convention, no `link=`. Parameter and return types
-- are single identifiers.
--
-- The declared symbol must exist at link time and must not start with
-- the reserved `__freak_` prefix.
extern task abs(v: int) -> int

task main() -> void {
    say word_from_int(abs(0 - 41))
    say word_from_int(abs(41))
}

41
41

The declared symbol must be resolvable by the linker when Clang links the program. Because V3 already links the C runtime and the platform C library, ordinary libc symbols are available with no extra flags — abs above is abs(3) from the C library.

The reserved symbol namespace#

V3 mangles source task symbols into a reserved __freak_ namespace so generated code can never be shadowed by user names. Two rules follow:

• An extern task whose native name begins with __freak_ is a hard type error. This stops a raw ABI symbol from being captured by generated locals, parameters, globals or task symbols.
• A source task cannot redeclare a compiler builtin call name. Declaring task say(...) or extern task fs::read(...) is rejected before either backend emits code.

Type mapping#

There are no std::ffi aliases in V3 — no c_int, c_size, usize, wchar. You declare the FREAK type and the backend picks the representation.

The safe subset is int, num, bool and void. For string work, prefer the builtin word methods and the runtime functions FREAK already exposes.

Calling#

An extern task is called exactly like a FREAK task, and its arguments are type-checked against the declaration:

Illustrative snippet; not independently verified. Use the badged executable examples for tested programs.

extern task abs(v: int) -> int

task main() -> void {
    say word_from_int(abs(0 - 41))
}

Backend differences#

The C backend emits a plain C call and relies on the symbol being declared by an included header or implicitly. The LLVM backend emits a declare for the symbol with the mapped signature. A signature that disagrees with the real C function is undefined behaviour on both — there is no cross-check.

What the bible specifies and V3 does not have#

Section 16 of the bible describes a full FFI contract. Essentially none of it is in V3:

There is no trust me block in V3, which means there is no unsafe boundary to gate — and equally, no honour-level audit trail on the code you actually compile. freak audit-trust scans source text for trust me blocks that the compiler itself would reject.

Practical guidance#

Keep the FFI surface to scalars:

Illustrative snippet; not independently verified. Use the badged executable examples for tested programs.

extern task abs(v: int) -> int
extern task labs(v: int) -> int

task main() -> void {
    say word_from_int(abs(0 - 7))
}

If you need to hand a string to C, do it from the C side instead: add your function to freakc/runtime/freak_runtime.c, expose it the way the existing runtime bridges do, and call it through the builtin table rather than through extern. That is how fs::read, tcp::send and the ui::* family are wired, and it is the only path that handles the word representation correctly.